Sand:
Trial 1 needed 550mL
Trial 2 needed 250mL
So the average between the two is 400 mL of water.
(400-100)/100 x 100 = 300%
Potting Soil:
Both trials needed 150mL
(150-100)/100 x 100 = 50%
The potting soil seems more prone to sliding since it requires less water to induce the mass movement and the percent change is smaller.
Monday, January 4, 2010
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
When is Mud Dangerous?
1. What conditions might cause mud to flow?
When the amount of water is increased in the mud. The steepness of the hill or cliff that the mud is on can cause mud to flow.
2. What conclusion can you draw from the two images?
The more of an angle the cliff/hill is tilted the easier it is for the mud to flow downward.
3. List at least two ways you could make the mud slide off the 30° slide plane without changing the plane's angle.
You can add water to the mud. You could try to shake the mud down the plane.
4. What conditions in nature would be represented by the answers you gave for question 3?
The rain and earthquakes.
5. List at least two factors that contribute to the formation of mudflows on volcanoes.
When a volcano is erupting the lava melts the snow on the volcano causing the water to mix with the ash causing lahars. And the ash left around could mix with water if there were heavy rains.
6. How might forest fires affect an area's potential for experiencing mudflows?
The fires burn the objects in their way which include trees, shurbs, and grass. Leaving behind ash and burned materials. The extra amount of mass on the soil and the unevenness could cause the hill to become unstable and start a mudflow. Also if it rains a lot it could mix with the burned stuff.
7. Hypothesize about how mudflows could change the topography of an area after a fire.
Mudflows could change the topography of an area after a fire because after a mudflow the hill or cliff is slumped or smaller since the mudflow took away some soil. Also at the bottom of a hill or cliff there would be taluses.
8. What human activities strip soil of its protective vegetation and increase its vulnerability to mudflows?
Some activities include farming because of the plowing and such, lumbering, and construction, when buildings are built on the soil adding an extra amount of weight.
9. Write a paragraph describing the conditions that cause dangerous mudflows. Include the types of locations where mudslides are most likely to occur.
There are three main conditions that can cause dangerous mudflows. First one is heavy rainfalls. The water saturates the soil, making the mudflow. Second one are volcanoes. The heat emitted from them melts the surrounding snow causing the snow to go down the volcano mixing with any ash deposits and debris. Also the same thing when a volcano erupts. The heat melts the snow and the ash blown out mixes with the snow causing lahars. Afterwards any rains that decide to come mixes with the leftover ash from the eruption. Last one are earthquakes. When there is loosely packed soil and an earthquake comes and shakes it up, the soil will rolled downhill. Also the shaking can liquefy the soil making a mudflow.
All the pictures in the investigation were shown in areas in the Western part of the United States. That's where the Cascades, Rockies, and earthquakes usually happen. Anywhere there are volcanoes, earthquake prone areas, and frequent rains with mountains are prone to mudflows.
When the amount of water is increased in the mud. The steepness of the hill or cliff that the mud is on can cause mud to flow.
2. What conclusion can you draw from the two images?
The more of an angle the cliff/hill is tilted the easier it is for the mud to flow downward.
3. List at least two ways you could make the mud slide off the 30° slide plane without changing the plane's angle.
You can add water to the mud. You could try to shake the mud down the plane.
4. What conditions in nature would be represented by the answers you gave for question 3?
The rain and earthquakes.
5. List at least two factors that contribute to the formation of mudflows on volcanoes.
When a volcano is erupting the lava melts the snow on the volcano causing the water to mix with the ash causing lahars. And the ash left around could mix with water if there were heavy rains.
6. How might forest fires affect an area's potential for experiencing mudflows?
The fires burn the objects in their way which include trees, shurbs, and grass. Leaving behind ash and burned materials. The extra amount of mass on the soil and the unevenness could cause the hill to become unstable and start a mudflow. Also if it rains a lot it could mix with the burned stuff.
7. Hypothesize about how mudflows could change the topography of an area after a fire.
Mudflows could change the topography of an area after a fire because after a mudflow the hill or cliff is slumped or smaller since the mudflow took away some soil. Also at the bottom of a hill or cliff there would be taluses.
8. What human activities strip soil of its protective vegetation and increase its vulnerability to mudflows?
Some activities include farming because of the plowing and such, lumbering, and construction, when buildings are built on the soil adding an extra amount of weight.
9. Write a paragraph describing the conditions that cause dangerous mudflows. Include the types of locations where mudslides are most likely to occur.
There are three main conditions that can cause dangerous mudflows. First one is heavy rainfalls. The water saturates the soil, making the mudflow. Second one are volcanoes. The heat emitted from them melts the surrounding snow causing the snow to go down the volcano mixing with any ash deposits and debris. Also the same thing when a volcano erupts. The heat melts the snow and the ash blown out mixes with the snow causing lahars. Afterwards any rains that decide to come mixes with the leftover ash from the eruption. Last one are earthquakes. When there is loosely packed soil and an earthquake comes and shakes it up, the soil will rolled downhill. Also the shaking can liquefy the soil making a mudflow.
All the pictures in the investigation were shown in areas in the Western part of the United States. That's where the Cascades, Rockies, and earthquakes usually happen. Anywhere there are volcanoes, earthquake prone areas, and frequent rains with mountains are prone to mudflows.
Monday, December 14, 2009
Mass Movement
Creep: A slow, unnoticeable movement of soil down a slope. Causes objects in the soil to face downward.
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
Answers - Plate Boundaries
1. Divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries
2. Divergent means to move away which involves plate movement because the plates pull away from each other. The plates move by magma pushing up from the mantle.
3. Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland sits on it. The triangles are Iceland's active volcano.
4. Convergent means coming together so for plates, they come closer together and one ends up diving under another.
5.
a. Oceanic-continental convergence
b. Oceanic-oceanic convergence
c. Continental-continental convergence
6.
a. Deep sea trenches and volcanic arcs
b. Deep sea trenches and island arcs
c. Very high mountains
7. Transform boundaries is when plates slide horizontally past each other but crust is not produced or destroyed. It causes shallow earthquakes. An example of one is the San Andreas fault in California.
8.
a. Divergent boundary and 2 oceanic plates make it happen.
b. Convergent boundary and also 2 oceanic plates are here.
c. Convergent boundary and also 2 oceanic plates take place here.
d. Divergent boundary and 2 continental plates.
e. Divergent boundary and 2 continental plates.
f. Convergent boundary and the 2 plates are oceanic-continental.
g. Convergent boundary and the 2 plates are oceanic-oceanic.
Geologic Timeline: Follow-up Questions
Scratch off the second answer.
The Archeaen Eon is the most important because that's when the first cyanobacteria appeared, not the Proterozoic. The Earth is also done it's stratification and the crust was formed. The first cyanobacteria and the first oceans that began to form lead to the start of multi-cellular life.
The Archeaen Eon is the most important because that's when the first cyanobacteria appeared, not the Proterozoic. The Earth is also done it's stratification and the crust was formed. The first cyanobacteria and the first oceans that began to form lead to the start of multi-cellular life.
Wednesday, October 7, 2009
Geologic Timeline: Follow-up Questions
1. The Earth had to have been solid and not molten. The Earth's oceans had to have formed. The first bacteria had to have shown up and the Earth's atmosphere had to have oxygen in it. Organisms with the ability photosynthesis had to have appeared. After there were plenty of single cell organisms they could have evolved and split into multi-cellular organisms.
2. The Proterozoic Eon was the most important in terms of the development of the Earth because the first cyanobacteria appeared and the Earth's atmosphere began to fill with oxygen which lead to the start on multi-cellular life.
3. The presence of humans is not that significant in context of the entire history of the Earth. The humans history is minuscule compared to everything else. Because of that humans didn't play a big enough part to the Earth's history. If anything it's the other way around. The Earth's history is very significant to the presence of humans.
2. The Proterozoic Eon was the most important in terms of the development of the Earth because the first cyanobacteria appeared and the Earth's atmosphere began to fill with oxygen which lead to the start on multi-cellular life.
3. The presence of humans is not that significant in context of the entire history of the Earth. The humans history is minuscule compared to everything else. Because of that humans didn't play a big enough part to the Earth's history. If anything it's the other way around. The Earth's history is very significant to the presence of humans.
Monday, September 21, 2009
Formation of Fossils
The first fossil is an example of Replaced Remains because you mainly see bones there and the bones decayed and were replaced with rock-forming minerals.
The second fossil is an example of Original Remains because the whole insect there is preserved entirely in the amber, which use to be sticky sap that trapped the insect.
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